Asymétrie de charge et mesures angulaires des bosons W dans l'expérience ATLAS auprès du LHC

The LHC is a proton collider, buried 100 meters below the franco-swiss border, built to work at sqrt(s) = 14 TeV. First collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV occurred in the beginning of 2010, starting officially new particles hunting, like Higgs boson, super-symmetric partner... First data have also been used to do precision measurements in order to check detector performances and constrain many Standard Model parameters. The latter will be the main topic of this thesis. The work presented within this manuscript can be split in two different parts aiming to a common goal: reduce possible bias and systematic errors to provide a first precise W boson mass measurement at the LHC. On a technical aspect, an analysis has been done on the liquid argon in which lies calorimeters, in order to understand temperature fluctuation and quantify its effect on the electron energy scale. On the other hand, attention has been focused on polarization effects, by developing and proposing three new measurements : quantification of their influence on MW measurement at the LHC, helicity fractions measurement in 2010 data and a charge asymmetry measurement that decouples PDF and polarization effects, on 2010 data.